~ List of Characters ~

Bachor – bachor – "pedlar", head of a family of merchants with ties of trade that once reached throughout Eriador and beyond, Elder of the Angle's council, his grandsire was once of the wandering clans of the North

Baran - "brown" - woodsman and herdsman to the Lord Aragorn

Boradan - young Ranger, newly come to the Angle with his family, one of the wandering clans, brother Muindir

Dwalin - master trader, Dwarf of the Blue Mountains

Elesinda – servant to the Lady Nienelen

Fimon - pledgeholder under Elder Bachor, half-virgater

Gelir – "merry" – youngest son of Pelara, Ranger

Gworon -  ploughman and pledgholder of the Angle under Elder Landir

Halbarad – hal –"tall", barad - "tower" = "tall tower", kinsman to Aragorn and Ranger of the North

Herdir – herdir = "master", reeve to Aragorn

Linmir – lin - "to sing", mír - "jewel" = "singing jewel" – wife of the smith of Emyn Unial

Landir – tanner and Elder of the Council

Lothel – loth – "flower", êl – "star" = "star flower", granddaughter to Pelara

Mahtan - A great smith of the Noldor, for which the smith of the Angle was named

Maurus – maur – "gloomy", rusc – "fox" = "gloomy fox" Elder of the council of the Angle

Melendir – "melen" past participle of melant – "to love" –dir - "man" = loved man, father of Nienelen

Melethron – noun- masculine – "lover", Ranger of the Angle, husband of Berel

Nesta – nestad- "healing" = Healer of the Angle

Nienelen –grief or mourning as in (nienna – Vala of mourning), (Nienor – "mourning" sister of Turin) Elen – star = "mourning star", daughter of Melendir, Ranger to the Lord Aragorn, and Elenir, daughter of the wandering clan of the Mawrim

Pelara – Pele - "fence", ara – "high/noble" = "noble fence/guard", Master Maurus' daughter, once servant to the Lady Gilraen

Saer - young Ranger assigned to watch over the House of Isildur

Sereg –  "blood" - ploughman, refugee from the lands south of the Angle

Tanaes – tân – "maker", aes – "meat" "maker of meat" = the butcher of the Angle, former Ranger, Elder and head of the Angle's Council

Tanril - tân – "maker" , ril – "brilliance" = wife of the Angle's smith, metal worker in her own right

~oOo~

~ Source Material ~

Tolkien’s world – events, places, and characters

Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994.

Tolkien, J.R.R. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1980.

“Welcome to The Encyclopedia of Arda.” The Encyclopedia of Arda, www.glyphweb.com/arda/.

 “Middle-Earth Role Playing Community.” Waiting for a King Like You - Middle-Earth Role Playing Community,
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091125060030/http://www.merp.com/essays/MichaelMartinez/mmartinezwaitingking

“Of Thegns and Kings and Rangers and Things.” Middle, 18 Oct. 2013, https://middle-earth.xenite.org/of-thegns-and-kings-and-rangers-and-things/.

Anghraine. “Ernil.” A Herd of Teal Deer, 27 June 2014, https://anghraine.tumblr.com/post/90005277018/ernil (aka Machiavellian!Aragorn)

“Middle-Earth Calendar.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 July 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar

Ardamir. “Middle Earth Distances Table.” 6 Aug. 2007, http://users.abo.fi/jolin/tolkien/middle-earth_distances_table.pdf

“Interactive Map of Middle-Earth - LotrProject.” The Lord of the Rings Family Tree Project, http://lotrproject.com/map/#zoom=3&lat=-1315.5&lon=1500&layers=BTTTTT

“Harad.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 July 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harad

Tolkien’s world – language

Fisher, Mark. Old and Rare Words: Archaic or Unusual Words found in Tolkien’s Works. The Encyclopedia of Arda.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20050206103851/http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ 

 “Dedicated to J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings :: Elvish.” Arwen, http://arwen-undomiel.com/elvish.html.

Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary https://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/english.html.

Parf Edhellen https://www.elfdict.com/.

Realelvish.net https://realelvish.net/.

Salo, David. A Gateway to Sindarin: a Grammar of an Elvish Language from J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings. Univ. of Utah Press, 2006.

Sindarin Lessons  http://sindarinlessons.weebly.com/.

Sindarin Name Generator - Lord of the Rings,https://www.fantasynamegenerators.com/lotr-sindarin-names.php.

Medieval life – general:

Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Life in a Medieval Village. HarperPerennial, 1991.

Newman, Paul. Daily Life in the Middle Ages. McFarland & Company, 2001.

Rowling, Marjorie. Life in Medieval Times. The Berkley Publishing Group, 1968.

“Gallery.” Regia Anglorum, https://regia.org/gallery/

“Listings.” Regia Anglorum, https://regia.org/listings.php - Everything from weapons and warfare, a ton on crafts and everyday life, the village and its occupants, anglo saxon social organization, fauna, flora, language, law, costs/money, pastimes, music/verse, games

“History / Bayleaf Farmhouse and Farmstead.” Open Air Classroom, http://www.openairclassroom.org.uk/History/history-bayleaf.htm.  (architecture, inhabitants, list of possessions, poverty and poor relief, gardens and orchards)

“Modern History TV.” YouTube, YouTube,   https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMjlDOf0UO9wSijFqPE9wBw (everything from hay making, to riding in a medieval cloak, to armour, to horsemanship, impact of weather on medieval life, to warfare, to food)

“Tudor Monastery Farmhouse,” YouTube,  https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtnsuhQvhxrmMW24DTPvVTg.  (Filmed on the Weald & Downland Living Museum – I can’t recommend this enough)

Documentaries, Timeline - World History. “1000 AD (Medieval Ages Documentary) | Timeline.” YouTube, YouTube, 11 Jan. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGUVcMYC6oY&t=2229s.

“Medieval Life Archives • Irish History Podcast.” Irish History Podcast,  https://irishhistorypodcast.ie/category/podcast/medieval-life-podcasts/.

Medieval life – Agriculture

Gans, Paul. "Medieval Technology Pages - The Heavy Plow." Wayback Machine, 8 Oct. 2002, http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/heavyplow.html (now on: http://web.archive.org/web/20050306145049/http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/heavyplow.html).

Halsall, Paul. “Palladius: On Husbandry, c. 350.” Internet History Sourcebooks, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/350palladius-husbandry.html

"How Long Would It Take a Standard Yoke of Oxen to Plow 1 Acre (including Break Time)? What About Horses? Tractors?" Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/farming/comments/6wua0o/how_long_would_it_take_a_standard_yoke_of_oxen_to/McGowan, Sarah. “The Bonnefont Cloister Herb Garden.” Internet History Sourcebooks, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/medny/herbgdn1.asp

"Medieval Land Measuring Units." Lost Kingdom Fantasy Writing, Roleplaying and Worldbuilding Resources, 17 Feb. 2016,   https://www.lostkingdom.net/medieval-land-measuring-units/

"Medieval Agricultural Yields and Equivalents." The Public's Library and Digital Archive, https://www.ibiblio.org/london/agriculture/general/1/msg00070.html

"Medieval and Renaissance Gardens." Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20050212115118/http://www.lehigh.edu/~jahb/herbs/medievalgardens.htm

"Open-field System." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 26 Jan. 2003,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system

"Ridge and Furrow." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 15 Jan. 2005,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow

Medieval life – Architecture

“Bayleaf Farmhouse Stock Photos and Images.” Alamy, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/bayleaf-farmhouse.html.

“Buildings.” Weald and Downland, https://www.wealddown.co.uk/explore/buildings/.

“Regia Anglorum.” Wychurst - Construction Diary, https://regia.org/wychurst/diary.php.

Rogers, Harry. “A Look Inside a Wealden Hall House Called Bayleaf.” YouTube, YouTube, 16 Jan. 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUidHd1lA28.

 “The Bayleaf Medieval Farmstead.” Weald and Downland, https://www.wealddown.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Bayleaf_research_booklet.pdf?building=251

“Weald and Downland Living Museum.” Weald and Downland, https://www.wealddown.co.uk/.

Medieval life – Crafts and Technology

“Arts and Sciences of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.” SCA Arts and Sciences Homepage, http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/arts_and_sciences.html#art.  (technology, crafts, clothing)

“Constructing a Warp-Weighted Loom.” PastTimes on the Web, http://www.housebarra.com/EP/ep02/20wwl.html.

Ferreira, Ester S. B., et al. “The Natural Constituents of Historical Textile Dyes.” ChemInform, vol. 35, no. 44, 2004, doi:10.1002/chin.200444268.   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15280965

Folkemuseum, Norsk. “Grenevev Del 3 Av 3 - Olderdalen Og Manndalen 1947 (Stumfilm).” YouTube, YouTube, 22 Nov. 2012,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PD-FASC6ZQ&frags=pl%2Cwn. (video of warp weighted loom in use)  

“Lothene's Craft Activities.” Lothene Experimental Archaeology, Edinburgh Based Re-Enactment Group. Specialising in the Viking Era and the 16th Century, https://www.lothene.org/crafts.html

Matlack, Pamela. Warping and Weaving on a Warp-Weighted Loom, http://vt.essortment.com/warpingweaving_rkpp.htm  (now: https://web.archive.org/web/20060111140206/http://vt.essortment.com/warpingweaving_rkpp.htm).

Mulvaney, Maggie. “Recreating Period Fabric Production.” Experiments with a Warp-Weighted Loom., http://www.forest.gen.nz/Medieval/articles/Warp/WARP.HTML.

“News Letter: Winter: 2000-2001.” News Letter: Winter 2000 - 2001, http://www.gfwsheep.com/pastfarm/wint.00-01/news12.html. (skirting and washing fleeces)

“Please Expand on Fibrecraft Sorcery, for 3 Hours If Necessary. Definitions of Necessary Are Really Flexible Here.” Angst Reaching Critical Levels, 12 Oct. 2018, https://obsessionisaperfume.tumblr.com/post/178968513707/please-expand-on-fibrecraft-sorcery-for-3-hours.

“Quills - Part 1: Broad Guidelines.” Regia Anglorum - Anglo-Saxon and Viking Crafts - Manuscript Production - Quills, https://regia.org/research/church/quills.htm.

Medieval life – Food preparation

"Food And Drink in Anglo-Saxon England." Regia Anglorum,  https://regia.org/research/life/food.htm

"Medieval and Renaissance Food: Sources, Recipes, and Articles." Shadow Island Games, http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/food.html.

"Part 13: Food: What Did Peasants Eat in Medieval Times?" YouTube, 2 Mar. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeVcey0Ng-w

"Part 14: Food: What Did a Knight's Vassals Eat?" YouTube, 9 Mar. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPpWughBPc4

"Part 16: Food: What Did Rich Nobles Eat in Medieval Times?" YouTube, 23 Mar. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ertx8fZiuxA

"Vlog 8: Good Eating." YouTube, 7 Mar. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCdfw6MbE9Y

Medieval life – Healing/Surgery

Pregnancy and Childbirth for the Historical Author,  http://www.elenagreene.com/childbirth.html.

Grieve, Maud. “Home of the Electronic Version of ‘A Modern Herbal’ .” http://www.botanical.com/.

“How to Make a Basic Herbal Poultice.” Herb Affair, https://www.herbaffair.com/pages/how-to-make-a-basic-herbal-poultice.

"How Would a Medieval/renaissance Doctor Treat an Arrow Wound?" Quora - A Place to Share Knowledge and Better Understand the World,  https://www.quora.com/How-would-a-medieval-renaissance-doctor-treat-an-arrow-wound.

"Medieval Battlefield First Aid 1." YouTube, 1 June 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jqz1lqpOug

"Medieval Battlefield Medicine Display." YouTube, 30 July 2013,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYbJsyNfG34

"Medieval Warfare Surgery and Drugs." YouTube, 22 Feb. 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMz69xIbOl4&t=391s

"Surgery During the Napoleonic Wars." YouTube, 7 Nov. 2013,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSzOsbHlXIc

"Trafalgar Battle Surgeon 2005." YouTube, 4 May 2017,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv89XG1uemU

"WOUNDS FROM EDGED WEAPON COMBAT IN THE VIKING AGE." Netvike.com,https://www.netvike.com/wounds-from-combat.html  (warning: graphic images) 

Medieval life – language

“Archaic Words That Used To Be Common in English: Lexico Dictionaries.” Lexico Dictionaries | English, Lexico Dictionaries, https://www.lexico.com/en/explore/archaic-words.

“Lesson 4: Chaucer's Vocabulary.” Teach Yourself to Read Chaucer,  http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/teachslf/less-4.htm.

“Lesson 5: Chaucer's Grammar.” Teach Yourself to Read Chaucer, http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/teachslf/less-5.htm.

Duncan, Edward. “A Basic Chaucer Glossary.” A Basic Chaucer Glossary,  https://web.archive.org/web/20060105061720/http://www.towson.edu/~duncan/glossary.html.

“Online Etymology Dictionary: Origin, History and Meaning of English Words.” Online Etymology Dictionary | Origin, History and Meaning of English Words,  https://www.etymonline.com/.

Medieval life – law and society

Halsall, Paul. “Medieval Legal History.” Internet History Sourcebooks, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/sbook-law.asp.

Halsall, Paul. “Manorial Management & Organization c. 1275.” Internet History Sourcebooks, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1275manors1.asp

Kreis, Steven. “The History Guide: Lectures on Ancient and Medieval European History: Lecture 22 European Agrarian Society: Manorialism.” Historyguide.org, http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture22b.html.

Medieval life – marriage and sex

K. Thomas, “Medieval and Renaissance Marriage.” http://www.drizzle.com/~celyn/mrwp/mrwed.html (wayback machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20070701004318/http://www.drizzle.com/~celyn/mrwp/mrwed.html)

M.Maričić, Slobodan. “History of Marriage in Western Civilization.” AkademediaSrbija, , http://www.akademediasrbija.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=600:history-of-marriage-in-western-civilization

“Gwerful Mechain and the Joy of (Medieval) Sex.” Medievalists.net, 26 Jan. 2019,   http://www.medievalists.net/2019/01/gwerful-mechain-and-the-joy-of-medieval-sex/

Medieval life – money and trade

Halsall, Paul. “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Rent-payments in Kind and Coin, 852.” Internet History Sourcebooks, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/852asc-rentsinkind.asp.

 “Household and Estate Accounting.” Household and Estate Accounting - The University of Nottingham, https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/researchguidance/accounting/household.aspx.

 “Trade in Anglo-Saxon England.” Regia Anglorum,  https://regia.org/research/misc/trade.htm

Medieval life – women and gender roles

Ferrell, Robert. Women in Medieval Guilds,
 http://www.antithetical.org/restlesswind/plinth/wimguild2.html.

Gwydionmisha. “Economic Importance of Medieval Women and Their Level of Agency.” I Was Abducted & You Were Banging Patchouli, 12 Oct. 2018, http://bangingpatchouli.tumblr.com/post/178967022949.

Halsall, Paul. “Sex and Gender.” Internet History Sourcebooks, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/sbook1v.asp.

Medieval life – other specific cultural topics

Tillotson, Dianne. “Forms of Manuscripts.” Medieval Writing, http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/writing.htm.

“Writing a Medieval Letter.” Lady Mevanou's Musings, 6 May 2018, https://mvry1sca.wordpress.com/pages-from-the-black-book/writing-a-medieval-letter/.

“Medieval Missives: Aids to Letter-Writing.” DragonBear History: Medieval Missives & Letter Writing,  http://www.dragonbear.com/letters.html.

Folk Play Research Home Page, https://web.archive.org/web/20060709081605/http://www.folkplay.info/index.htm.  (mummer’s and traditional folk dramatic play)

“Long Barrow.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 July 2019,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow.

“Welsh Nursing Shawls -- Siol Fagu.” David Morgan,  https://www.davidmorgan.com/shop-content/nursingshawls/. (aka: how to carry around a baby when you need your hands free)

General Agriculture – growing things

Churchill, James. "Food Without Farming." Wayback Machine, http://www.motherearthnews.com/library/1970_May_June/Food_Without_Farming  (now at:http://web.archive.org/web/20060319121336/http://www.motherearthnews.com/library/1970_May_June/Food_Without_Farming)

Matlack, Pamela. "Growing Dye Plants." Wayback Machine, http://tntn.essortment.com/growingdyeplan_rgia.htm  (Now at:  http://web.archive.org/web/20050602080905/http://tntn.essortment.com/growingdyeplan_rgia.htm

The Globalist: Dedicated to Understanding. Food Security and Globalization. The Globalist. 2005 http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3708  (now at: http://web.archive.org/web/20060109152713/http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3708 )

Van Bokkelen, James. "Handout for Small Grains and the Small Farm." Far Acres Farm, http://www.faracresfarm.com/jbvb/faf/nofa99.html )

General Agriculture - husbandry

"Nomadic Pastoralism." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 23 Jan. 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism

"Transhumance." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 8 Aug. 2003,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance

Wooster, Chuck, and Geoff Hansen. Living with Sheep: Everything You Need to Know to Raise Your Own Flock. Lyons P, 2005.

Fauna of Britain:

Birds Of Britain - Monthly Web Magazine for Birdwatchers,  http://www.birdsofbritain.co.uk/bird-guide/index.htm

Bird Songs and Bird Calls - the Sounds of 254 UK Bird Species, www.british-birdsongs.uk.

"Bird Song Identification: Common Songs and Calls." The Woodland Trust, www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/04/identify-bird-song/ .

"British Wildlife Recordings." British Library - Sounds, https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/British-wildlife-recordings . 

“Listen to Nature: Explore wildlife sounds by animal group.” The British Library Board. http://www.bl.uk/collections/sound-archive/listentonature/soundstax/groups.html

"Resources - Wildlife Videos, Images, Sounds." Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust, British Wildlife & Countryside. Environmental Education, http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/resource.htm (animals, plants, insects, habitats)

Flora and Fauna of Britain:

"Contents - Woodlands & Their Management." Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust, British Wildlife & Countryside. Environmental Education, http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/woodland_manage/index.htm

Habitats in Britain. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/habitats/

"Meadow Plants." Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust, British Wildlife & Countryside.Environmental Education,  http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/meadows/plants.htm

Sinclair, Teresa. "Cottage Garden Plants, Wildflowers, Herbs, Seeds and Native Hedging. Also Wedding Favours." Wayback Machine, http://www.englishplants.co.uk/index.html  (now at:  http://web.archive.org/web/20060813164229/http://www.englishplants.co.uk/index.html )

"The Flora of Anglo-Saxon and Viking Age England." Regia Anglorum,  https://regia.org/research/misc/flora.htm